What is Contemplation?
An interview series
What is contemplation? How do different contemplative traditions – religious and secular, historical and modern – understand practices and experiences of contemplation? Given the incredible diversity of contemplation in the historical record and the capacious use of the term in English and native languages of contemplative traditions, the question about what defines contemplation spurs research and scholarship.
When the Journal of Contemplative Studies was launched in the Fall 2022, the JCS Advisory Board grappled with the question about how best to define this critical term at the heart of the journal’s identity. Though tempted, the board resisted the urge to define contemplation, and instead opted to leave it open for authors to define. To address this driving question, JCS staff sit down with leading scholars in Contemplative Studies to ask four questions:
- What is contemplation?
- How is contemplation relevant to your research?
- What excites you about future directions in the study of contemplation?
- What are your favorite books in Contemplative Studies?
This Currents series weaves together multivalent perspectives in a tapestry of responses to this question. We invite you to read and explore the many meanings of contemplation.

What is Contemplation? An Interview with Sonam Kachru
Sonam Kachru is Assistant Professor in the Religious Studies Department at Yale University, specializing in the history of premodern South Asian philosophy and literature, with an emphasis on Buddhist philosophy. He is the author of Other Lives: Mind and World in Indian Buddhism (2021).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Tanya Luhrmann
Tanya Luhrmann is the Albert Ray Lang Professor of Anthropology at Stanford University, sometimes with a courtesy appointment in Psychology. She is the author of When God Talks Back: Understanding the American Evangelical Relationship with God (2012) and How God Becomes Real: Kindling the Presence of Invisible Others (2020).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Marc-Henri Deroche
Marc-Henri Deroche is Associate Professor at Kyoto University, Japan, where he teaches Buddhist and Tibetan Studies and researches mindfulness in Buddhist philosophy, theories, and manuals of meditation. He is the author of A Tibetan Quest for Wisdom: Prajñāraśmi (1518–1584) and the Sources of the Impartial (ris med) Approach (2023), and issue editor for “Study, Reflection, and Cultivation: Integrative Paths to Wisdom from Buddhist and Comparative Perspectives” (Religions 2022) and “Tibetan Studies in Japan: Approaching the High Plateau from the Archipelago” (Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 2024).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Harold D. Roth
Harold D. Roth is Professor of Religious Studies and the Director of the Contemplative Studies Initiative at Brown University. He designed the first university concentration program in Contemplative Studies and is the author of The Contemplative Foundations of Classical Daoism (2021). He is also on the executive committee of the International Society for Contemplative Research (ISCR).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Kevin Hart
Kevin Hart is the Jo Rae Wright University Professor in the Divinity School at Duke University. He is the author of Lands of Likeness: For a Poetics of Contemplation (2023) and Wild Track: New and Selected Poems (2015).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With John Dunne
John Dunne holds the Distinguished Chair of Contemplative Humanities in the Center for Healthy Minds and the department of Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is the co-author of The Mind (2020) and co-editor of Ecology, Ethics, and Interdependence: The Dalai Lama in Conversation with Leading Thinkers on Climate Change (2018).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Stephanie Paulsell
Stephanie Paulsell is the Susan Shallcross Swartz Professor of the Practice of Christian Studies at Harvard Divinity School. She is the author of Religion Around Virginia Woolf (2019) and co-editor of Goodness and the Literary Imagination (2019).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Eleanor Johnson
Eleanor Johnson is associate professor of English and comparative literature and director of the Institute for Religion, Culture, and Public Life at Columbia University. She is the author of Waste and the Wasters: Poetry and Ecosystemic Thought in Medieval England (2023).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Jordan Quaglia
Jordan Quaglia is Associate Professor of Psychology, Director of the Cognitive and Affective Science Laboratory, and Research Director of the Center for the Advancement of Contemplative Education at Naropa University.

What Is Contemplation?: An Interview With Michael Chase
Michael Chase is Senior Researcher at the Centre Jean Pépin of the National Center of Scientific Research in Paris-Villejuif, France and adjunct professor of Greek and Roman studies at the University of Victoria. He is the author and translator of Ammonius: Interpretation of Porphyry’s Introduction to Aristotle’s Five Terms (2020).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Funlayo Wood
Iya Funlayo E. Wood is a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, Founding Director of the African and Diasporic Religious Studies Association, and Guest Editor for Special Issue #05: Contemplation in Africana Traditions in the Journal of Contemplative Studies.

What is Contemplation?: An Interview With Ariel Evan Mayse
Ariel Evan Mayse is an Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Stanford University, the senior scholar-in-residence at the Institute of Jewish Spirituality and Society, and an ordained rabbi. He is the author of Laws of the Spirit: Ritual, Mysticism, and the Commandments in Early Hasidism (2024), Speaking Infinities: God and Language in the Teachings of Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezritsh (2020), and Guest Editor for the JCS Special Issue #03: Contemplative Ecology.

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Julia Cassaniti
Julia Cassaniti is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia and author of Living Buddhism: Mind, Self, and Emotion in a Thai Community (2015).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Claire Petitmengin
Claire Petitmengin is Professor Emerita at the Institut Mines-Télécom and member of the Archives Husserl (Ecole Normale Supérieure) in Paris. Her research focuses on lived experience and micro-phenomenological methods enabling us to become aware of experience and describe it.

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Erik Braun
Erik Braun is an associate professor of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia and author of The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw (2014).

What is Contemplation: An Interview with Muhammad Faruque
Muhammad Faruque is the Inayat Malik Assistant Professor and a Taft Center Fellow at the University of Cincinnati and a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University. He is the author of Sculpting the Self: Islam, Selfhood, and Human Flourishing (2021).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Anne C. Klein
Anne C. Klein is a Professor in the Department of Religion at Rice University, co-founder of the Dawn Mountain Center for Tibetan Buddhism, and author of Being Human and a Buddha Too (2023).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Martijn van Beek
Martijn van Beek is an Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Aarhus University in Denmark. He specializes in ethnographic and phenomenological perspectives on meditation.

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Loriliai Biernacki
Loriliai Biernacki is a Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and is the author of Renowned Goddess of Desire: Women, Sex and Speech in Tantra (2007) and The Matter of Wonder: Abhinavagupta’s Panentheism and New Materialism (2023). She is also Co-Chair of the Contemplative Studies Unit at the American Academy of Religion.

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with David McMahan
David McMahan is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious Studies at Franklin and Marshall College and author of Rethinking Meditation: Buddhist Meditative Practices in Ancient and Modern Worlds (2023) and The Making of Buddhist Modernism (2008).

What is Contemplation?: An Interview with Douglas Christie
Douglas Christie is a Professor Emeritus of Theological Studies at Loyola Marymount University and author of The Blue Saphire of the Mind: Notes for a Contemplative Ecology and The Insurmountable Darkness of Love: Love, Contemplative Practice, and the Common Life.